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   Child labour: 1996 - Mar. 2002  

See also other materials on "Child labour"

1996-Mar. 2002:

ICFTU in Burkina Faso to tackle Child Labour: From March 25 - 27 trade unionists from six West African countries - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Mali and Togo - are meeting with government officials in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to discuss how they will work together to combat the rampant child labour and child trafficking in the region. (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 27 Mar. 2002) 

{···français} ORAF-CISL - Contre le travail des enfants: Le lundi 25 mars 2002 a eu lieu l’ouverture d’un atelier sous-régional à Splendide hôtel, sur le thème : «Le travail et le trafic des enfants en Afrique de l’Ouest». (L'Observateur [Burkina Faso], 26 mars 2002)

New Study Says Nepal Has 900,000 Child Laborers: Out of a population of 22 million, there are nearly 900,000 child laborers in Nepal, an ILO-supported study released yesterday concluded. (UN Wire, 20 Mar. 2002)

ILO will help Bangladesh eradicate child labour: The International Labour Organisation (ILO) will assist Bangladesh in implementing a time-bound special programme to eradicate hazardous child labour from the country. (Independent [Bangladesh], 19 Mar. 2002)

MALAWI: UNICEF, Norway Feed Pupils To Fight Child Labor - Norway and UNICEF on Friday launched a $900,000 project aimed at curbing child labor in Malawi by feeding children in schools. (UN Wire, 18 Mar. 2002)

{···français} Le Gabon prend conscience du phénomène du trafic d'enfants (AFP, 16 mars 2002)

Tobacco Industry Accused of Engaging Children [Malawi]: The Malawi tobacco industry has come under renewed pressure to stop using child labour and to make way for other more economic crops in the country. (Child Labour News Service, 15 Mar. 2002)

Child Labour: UNICEF, NGO say Colombia fails to protect 323,000 - A recent report by UNICEF and Save the Children reveals that Colombia is failing to protect child labourers. (El Tiempo [Colombia], English summary in Child Labour News Service, 15 Mar. 2002)

ILO launches program to combat child labour in Nicaraguan coffee industry: The ILO is launching a $275,000 program in Nicaragua to combat child labour in the country's coffee industry during the next year and assist 1,500 working children attend school. (La Prensa [Nicaragua], English summary in Child Labour News Service, 15 Mar. 2002)

Brazilian small farms commonly use child labour: In Brazil, according to a study by the Getulio Vargas Foundation, 30% of the work force of small farms in the Brazilian states of Goias, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais is comprised of children under the age of 14. (O Estado de Sao Paulo [Brazil], English summary in Child Labour News Service, 15 Mar. 2002)

NHRC [National Human Right Commission] asked to probe Bihar child labourer's death [India]: The owner of a carpet factory in Uttar Pradesh has escaped unscathed despite brutal murder of a child from Bihar, and torturing many other kids who worked under him. (Child Labour News Service, 15 Mar. 2002)

Girl's Maiming Sparks Entry Plea [Australia]: Unions are demanding immediate right of entry provisions in the wake of a 10-year-old girl being mutilated in a Sydney sweatshop..."It is obvious that when you are required to give 24-hours notice you are never going to find a 10-year-old working a sewing machine," Tubner [Textile Clothing and Footwear Union secretary Barry Tubner] says. (Workers Online [Australia], 15 Mar. 2002)

ILO and Inter-Parliamentary Union in campaign against worst forms of child labour (International Labour Organization, 14 Mar. 2002)

Why Nike has broken into a sweat: The sports equipment maker has been a target for anti-sweatshop campaigners. It has responded with self-criticism, says Michael Skapinker...Nike's experience provides a vivid illustration of the perils facing companies that believe they can ignore the efforts of campaigning organisations (Michael Skapinker, Financial Times, 6 Mar. 2002)

Factory audit details sought: Anti-sweatshop group raps Hudson's Bay Co. - An anti-sweatshop group is demanding Hudson's Bay Co. disclose the results of an audit the retailer performed on factories in southern Africa [garment factories in Lesotho] making private-label clothing for Zellers...Allegations included the use of child labour, verbal and sexual harassment, locked emergency doors and compulsory overtime that sometimes stretched to 75 hours a week. (Steven Theobald, Toronto Star, 5 Mar. 2002)

A fresh start for human rights in Pakistan:...The purpose of this project is to help vulnerable working people - particularly, but not exclusively - those who are not covered by existing labour law. This includes women workers, bonded labour, child labour, home based workers, contract and casual labour and workers in EPZs. (Labour and Society International, 5 Mar. 2002)

KENYA: Focus on new legislation and hopes for child welfare -...The Act outlaws the widely criticised practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), as well as child prostitution and child labour...Among other child rights concerns, the Kenyan government reported in September that there were an estimated three to four million child labourers in the country. (IRIN - U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks, 1 Mar. 2002)

Child Labour Rampant in China's Fireworks Industry (Agence France Presse, posted on Child Labour News Service website on 1 Mar. 2002)

Gabon to penalise parents for child labour: Authorities in Gabon have decided to hold parents guilty of child labour accountable with one to five years in prison. (PANA, posted on Child Labour News Service website on 1 Mar. 2002)

One Million Peruvian Children are Working: Data from the Peruvian Ministry of Labour indicate that one million children aged 6 to 14 are presently working in the country. (ANDI, posted on Child Labour News Service website on 1 Mar. 2002)

{···français} Trafic des enfants Le Cameroun, pays de transit et récepteur:...Il convient de rappeler que le trafic des enfants, préoccupation majeure des pays de la région, est souvent le corollaire du travail des enfants. (Marie Noëllle Nguichi, Messager [Cameroun] 28 février 2002)

Child labour conference opens in The Hague: Child labour is the focus of an international conference beginning in the Netherlands. An estimated 250 million children aged between five and 15 are employed worldwide, mostly in developing countries. (Geraldine Coughlan, BBC News, 25 Feb. 2002)

Rights activists speak out on child labor [Lebanon]: Child labor will not be eliminated unless human rights and free compulsory education are prioritized on the government’s agenda, according to speakers at a child labor conference. (Nayla Assaf, Daily Star [Beirut], 21 Feb. 2002)

Mdladlana out to get bad employers [South Africa]: Membathisi Mdladlana, the labour minister, yesterday had a blunt message for employers: stop mistreating workers...Mdladlana said his department would launch a "national inspection blitz" in April, focusing on the security, construction and farm sectors, which were among the worst offenders when it came to poor working conditions and employing child labour. This follows his crackdown on clothing firms late last year (Lynda Loxton, Business Report [South Africa], 20 Feb. 2002)

Nakonde NGO Lectures Traders On Child Labour [Zambia]:...Mr Mulalika cited Nakonde central as the main area where many children were used as cheap labour..."These children are terribly abused by both international and local traders who make them carry heavy goods on their heads." (Times of Zambia, 19 Feb. 2002)

Dangerous work is no place for our kids [Australia]: Trades Hall Calls For A Ban On Children Under 15’s In Worst Industries - The Victorian Trades Hall Council has called for a total ban on the employment of young people, under 15 years, in the States four most dangerous industries, agriculture, transport and storage, construction and manufacturing. (Victorian Trades Hall Council, 19 Feb. 2002)

Chicken plant ordered to pay after probe of wages, child labour [Kentucky, USA]: Cagle's was fined a total of $2,000 for two child labour violations. State investigators determined that Cagle's employed a 14-year-old girl and a 15-year-old boy in hazardous occupations. (Associated Press, posted on Child Labour News Service, 15 Feb. 2002)

New project to cleanse tobacco and bidi industry of child labour [Bangladesh] (United News of Bangladesh, posted on Child Labour News Service, 15 Feb. 2002)

Children languishing in hazardous units [India]: Even five years after the Tamil Nadu Government spotted hundreds of child labourers, most of them continue to toil in hazardous industries...In the hazardous industries particularly in the match factories in Virudhunagar district and beedi units in Vellore district, children continue to be employed but they work from their homes. (Hindu [India], posted on Child Labour News Service, 15 Feb. 2002)

See's urged to shun cocoa from child labor:...Global Exchange, a San Francisco-based human-rights organization, will stage demonstrations today at two See's stores in San Diego and 29 of the company's outlets elsewhere to protest the use of child labor in the cocoa-farming industry. The actions by the group are also designed to pressure See's and other candy manufacturers like Mars and Hershey's to begin using cocoa produced on so-called Fair Trade cooperatives in Africa and Latin America. (Frank Green, San Diego Union-Tribune, 14 Feb. 2002)

PAKISTAN: ILO Offers Alternative Education For Working Children: an estimated 3.6 million children continue to work, tens of thousands of them in dangerous locations such as mines, canneries and glass and textile factories (UN Wire, 14 Feb. 2002)

Companies 'face rising risks over human rights': Multinational companies face a growing risk of being associated with human rights violations, according to research published in London yesterday by Amnesty International and the Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum. The research examines the operations of 129 leading companies in 34 countries where human rights abuses including torture, forced child labour and denial of freedom of expression occur. (Alison Maitland, Financial Times, 13 Feb. 2002)

NGOs target child laborers: A Japanese nongovernmental organization is planning to remind sports fans in the run-up to the World Cup about one group that doesn't see the fun side of soccer - the child laborers who make many soccer balls [refers to Pakistan and India] (Asahi Shimbun [Japan], 12 Feb. 2002)

Guatemala: Women and Girls Face Job Discrimination - U.S. Companies Contract With Abusive "Maquilas" - Women in Guatemala's largest female-dominated labor sectors face persistent sex discrimination and abuse, Human Rights Watch charged in a report released today. (Human Rights Watch, 12 Feb. 2002)

Extreme forms of child labour prevails in Dhaka city [Bangladesh]: ILO - An agency of the International Labour Organisation has found prevalence of "extreme forms" of child labour in Dhaka City. A survey revealed that 12,170 children were working under "very hazardous" circumstances in 5,428 workplaces...Most of the sectors, identified 47 in total, such as automobile engineering, welding, plasto-rubber and plasto-metal and lathe machine were found to be "extremely hazardous (Independent [Bangladesh], 11 Feb. 2002)

Consumers force chocolate industry to takes steps to stop slave production: Are those steps enough? What consumers ought to know and can do [refers to Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire; Hershey's, Nestle, M&M/Mars, La Siembra, Just Us] (Paul Pellizzari, Straight Goods [Canada], 10 Feb. 2002)

Poverty stalks Ukrainian child miner (Pavel Polityuk, Reuters, 10 Feb. 2002)

Asian Bank allocates $150,000 to end child labour [Pakistan]: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) would help the government to effectively implement the national policy and plan of action to eliminate child labour...According to reports, the soccer industry has already been cleansed of the child labour while surgical instruments and carpet industry are government's next targets. (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 8 Feb. 2002)

ICFTU report condemns deplorable conditions for workers in Malawi [refers to restrictions on the trade union rights of plantation workers and workers in export processing zones, and problems with anti-union discrimination and child labour] (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 6 Feb. 2002)

Farmer fined for child labour [South Africa]: In a precedent-setting case, the owners of a farm at Ceres in the Western Cape have been fined R25 000 for employing a child under the age of 15. (South African Press Association, 5 Feb. 2002)

SA's [South Africa's] first child labour case in Ceres today: Eleven-year-old girl loses her leg after falling off trailer transporting workers [fruit pickers at farm] - SA's first child labour court case will be heard in the Ceres Magistrate's court in Western Cape today after an 11-year-old girl lost her leg in a work-related accident  (Business Day [South Africa], 5 Feb. 2002)

Zimbabwe Faced With Problem on Child Labour [in domestic & agricultural sectors] (Xinhua General News Service, posted on Child Labour News Service, 1 Feb. 2002)

Rapid Appraisal of Child Labour in the Tobacco Industry: Case Studies in Two Ilocos Provinces [Philippines] - Philip Morris International and the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) commissioned PARTNERS International to undertake a baseline study of child labour in selected tobacco growing areas of the Ilocos provinces (Partners International, Feb. 2002)

Union Puts Child Labour In Mozambique Under Spotlight: The use of child labour is spiralling out of control in Mozambique, which has yet to ratify the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention on the issue, according to the country's largest trade union federation, the Mozambican Workers Organisation (OTM) (SNNi/AIM, 25 Jan. 2002)

CHILD LABOR: UNICEF Cites Unsafe Conditions In Latin America - More than 14 percent of Latin American children work in agriculture under dangerous and life-threatening conditions, UNICEF said Wednesday, adding that child labor in the cane, fruit, coca and cotton industries is a dangerous and persistent regional tradition. (UN Wire, 25 Jan. 2002)

US to provide $5m for child labour education [in Pakistan]: The United States Department of Labour will provide $5 million for education initiative for the child labour programme in the current fiscal year with a possibility of additional funding in subsequent years. (Dawn [Pakistan], 23 Jan. 2002)

Regional Efforts Against Child Trafficking:...West and Central African countries have woken up to another challenge: child trafficking and exploitation (U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks, 21 Jan. 2002) (U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks, 21 Jan. 2002)

Kick Child Labor Out of Soccer, Groups Urge:...Child rights groups last week launched a new campaign calling on the world's soccer authority, the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), to take tougher action to ban the use of soccer balls made by children, particularly in Pakistan and India. (Kalyani, OneWorld South Asia, 21 Jan. 2002)

Child Labour in the Shadow of the World Cup: With only 5 months left until the 2002 FIFA World Cup kicks off in Japan and Korea, activists from around the world are putting increasing pressure on FIFA and national football teams to make this championship the first international sporting event free of child labour and in compliance with fair labour standards. (Global March against Child Labour, 17 Jan. 2002)

New Poll Sets Agenda for Corporate Responsibility in India [findings include: Public expectations of corporations on social and environmental matters are high and rising; Gender discrimination is a prominent issue in the workplace; Workers and management have sharply diverging perceptions of labour conditions including child labour issues] (TERI-Europe [London affiliate of Tata Energy Research Institute in New Delhi] and New Academy of Business, 16 Jan. 2002)

ILO waves "red card" at child labour: The International Labour Organization (ILO) will launch its "Red Card to Child Labour" campaign this week to coincide with the start of the 2002 African Cup...The new campaign against the use of child labour is symbolized by the red card handed out by referees for serious violations of rules on the soccer field. (International Labour Organization, 15 Jan. 2002)

2.5 million carpets woven without illegal child labour - RUGMARK presents itself at Domotex: Decrease of Child Labour due to Inspections and Social Programmes (Rugmark Germany, 14 Jan. 2002)

Strikes Claim Kids Employed As Scab Labour [South Africa]: Tensions are running high in Faure where farm workers on strike for better wages have accused the farm management of employing children as scab labour. (Helen Bamford, Cape Argus [Cape Town], 14 Jan. 2002)

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA : Teaming up against child trafficking - Representatives of West and Central African nations, UN agencies and regional non-governmental organisations ended a three-day conference on child labour and trafficking in Yamassoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, on Thursday with a pledge to lead a consolidated effort against the practice. (Integrated Regional Information Network, 11 Jan. 2002)

Tanzania: Official condemns tea plantation companies over child labour (Child Labour News Service, 1 Jan. 2002)

AITUC for concerted effort to check child labour [India]: Bringing the issue of child labour into the trade union domain for the first time, the 37th session of the All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) expressed concern over the way children have to work in deplorable conditions and at the failure of the law in safeguarding their rights. (The Hindu [India], summarised in Child Labour News Service, 1 Jan. 2002) 

The Next Steps: Experiences and analysis of how to eradicate child labour -...This anthology takes stock of the experiences and analyses, with a focus not so much on individual activities or projects as on the underlying causes and the long-term solutions to fighting child labour. (Bjørne Grimsrud, ed., 2002)

Child labor and multinational conduct: a comparison of international business and stakeholder codes - This paper examines the way in which multinationals, business associations, governmental and non-governmental organizations deal with child labor in their codes. With a standardized framework, it analyzes 55 codes drawn by these different actors (Ans Kolk & Rob van Tulder, Journal of Business Ethics, 2002)

2001:

Ken & Barbie's Sweatshop: Stop. If that irresistible playthingy you're buying junior for Christmas has a "made in China" label -- or a label from any other country in Asia -- chances are it came from a sweatshop specializing in child labour [includes statements by Mattel, Disney, Irwin, Hasbro] (Now News [Canada], 20 Dec. 2001)

Child labor law under review [USA]: Local restaurant owner burned by 7 p.m. curfew for workers under 16; group wants it pushed back (Candace Goforth, Akron Beacon Journal [Ohio, USA], 13 Dec. 2001)

The Chocolate Industry: Slavery Lurking Behind the Sweetness -...The industry says it will have a program for eliminating child labor in place by July 2004. With child slaves continuing to suffer, this is an outrage...GX [Global Exchange] is launching a campaign targeting the two biggest US chocolate corporations -- Hershey's and M&M/Mars. We are demanding that the corporations take immediate steps to end child slavery and that they commit to purchasing at least five percent of their cocoa as Fair Trade Certified. (Global Exchange, Global Exchange Newsletter, Winter 2002, 11 Dec. 2001)

Signs of change [India]:...: A relatively vigilant administration and the initiatives taken by a non-governmental organisation in the wake of the death of Naushad, a child worker at Ramanagaram, lead to a lull in the recruitment of child workers in the silk taluks of Karnataka. (Srobona Roy Choudhury, Frontline [India], 8-21 Dec. 2001)

NICARAGUA: Pornography, Sex Tourism Harm Country's Youth, NGOs Say - Child rights activists in Nicaragua have said the country's children are increasingly becoming victims of Internet-based child pornography, sex tourism along the country's borders and prostitution in the country's ports...Save the Children Alliance representative Coleen Littlejohn said the tourism industry can take measures to combat sex tourism, including publicizing the problem to hotel and bar workers. (UN Wire, 7 Dec. 2001)

Kenya Has 3.5m Child Workers - Unicef: Kenya has a staggering 3.5 million child labourers and most of them work under very difficult conditions...Most children labourers in Central Kenya are working in coffee and horticultural estates. In Western Kenya, the children work in sugar plantations. (Peter Ngare, East African Standard [Nairobi], 4 Dec. 2001)

Forced Labour in the 21st Century:...The booklet highlights some of the main ways in which forced labour manifests itself internationally, including through slavery, bonded labour, trafficking and child labour [refers to Burma, Gabon, Haiti, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sudan, United Arab Emirates] (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and Anti-Slavery International, 3 Dec. 2001)

India: 13 Bonded labourers freed - The officials of labour department rescued 13 bonded labourers including six children below 14 years of age from a carpet loom situated at Awasanpur under Handia Tehsil. (Times of India, in Child Labour News Service, 1 Dec. 2001)

US to aid Dominican Republic in rooting out child exploitation: The US and Dominican government will earmark $1.6 billion to root out exploitative child labour. (Child Labour News Service, 1 Dec. 2001)

Three restaurants facing child-labour violation fines [USA]: Three chicken restaurants in Akron, Ohio are facing as much as $119,050 in fines for allowing 14- and 15-year-olds to work prohibited hours and handle duties that are off-limits to young workers. (Associated Press, in Child Labour News Service, 1 Dec. 2001)

Labour Agency Fines Wamego Business [USA]: E & R Machine Inc., a burgeoning machine shop in Wamego, was fined $11,850 after a federal investigation found that a teenager had performed "hazardous jobs" in violation of the Fair Labour Standards Act. (Topeka Capital Journal [Kansas, USA], in Child Labour News Service, 1 Dec. 2001)

No evidence of child labour in Cambodian garment factories, UN reports: The United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO) said today that its initial probe of working conditions in Cambodian garment factories found no evidence of child labour, forced labour or sexual harassment, but did reveal some problems related to over-time payments, hours of work and anti-union discrimination. (UN News Centre, 30 Nov. 2001)

Internationally-recognised Core Labour Standards in Malaysia [refers to "serious problems of freedom of association, collective bargaining and discrimination, especially against migrant workers"] - In both the electronics and textile sectors, two of Malaysia’s largest export earners, workers have been dismissed or threatened with dismissal for their trade union activities. (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 28 Nov. 2001)

Gem Unions Want Industry Dialogue: World's diamond, gem, jewellery and ornament unions call for global agreements with companies - Talks should cover the full range of issues affecting workers in the industry, the unions said, including health, safety and environment, child labour and employment standards. (ICEM - the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions, 27 Nov. 2001)

Gem Industry Seeks Child Labour Ban: Child labour could be ended in the gemstone cutting and polishing industry under recommendations unanimously approved today by international union leaders from the sector. (ICEM - the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions, 23 Nov. 2001)

Nafwu tells farmers to 'liberate' child labourers: Delegates to a Namibia Farmworkers Union (Nafwu) meeting have condemned the exploitation of child labourers in Namibia...The union appealed "to employers in the agricultural sector who have continued to employ minor children to immediately stop these unlawful practices and send these children to school." (The Namibian, 19 Nov. 2001)

At Least 17.5 Million Children Work in Latin America: ILO - At least 17.5 million children aged five to 14 work in high risk areas throughout Latin America, the International Labor Organization (ILO) reveals in the second meeting of human rights attorneys, held in San Jose, Costa Rica. (Xinhua News Agency, 16 Nov. 2001)

Nickelodeon Asked to Honor Codes of Conduct Prohibiting Child Labor in the Manufacturing of Toys Based on Nickelodeon Animated Characters: The Writers Guild of America, west has launched an advertising campaign to ensure Nickelodeon Animation Studios adheres to the standards of the International Council of Toy Industries (ICTI) Code of Business Practices or the Fair Labor Association (FLA) Workplace Code of Conduct in the licensing and manufacturing of toys and other merchandise (Writers Guild of America, 15 Nov. 2001) 

Fines to rise for child labor abuses [state of Victoria, Australia]: Child labor laws will be overhauled and fines for exploitation increased from $100 to $10,000, the Bracks Government announced yesterday. (Meaghan Shaw, The Age [Australia], 15 Nov. 2001)

Child labourers ranks swell in Dinajpur [Bangladesh]:...According to an unofficial survey, there are nearly 40,000 child labourers in the district (Independent [Bangladesh], 11 Nov. 2001)

Cape plc Opens Talks With South African Asbestos Victims: First breakthrough in compensation campaign? - Cape mined asbestos in South Africa for almost a century. "Children were employed, unprotected, in the most hazardous tasks of sorting asbestos with their bare hands and trampling it with their bare feet," recalled ICEM General Secretary Fred Higgs in letters last month to Montpellier and other major shareholders. "Due to the atrocious conditions at the mines and mills, thousands of South Africans developed the fatal asbestos cancer, mesothelioma, and the debilitating disease of asbestosis." (International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions [ICEM],  6 Nov. 2001)

Malaysia warns of WTO standstill if rich include child labor and human rights issues: If rich countries insist on "smuggling" issues like child labor and human rights into a World Trade Organization meeting this week, a new round of free trade talks will not happen, Malaysia's prime minister said Monday. (Associated Press, 5 Nov. 2001)

Gujarat reports only 39 child workers in state [India]: In its latest data submitted to the National Human Rights Commission the state has reported a mere 39 child workers in its four cities - Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara and Rajkot...Patel [Sukhdev Patel of the Campaign Against Child Labour] said, "The state has thousands of child workers at construction sites and garment units all over Gujarat, silver and gold jewellery units in Ahmedabad, bidi and agarbatti units in the eastern belt, carpet and powerloom units in south Gujarat and ceramics units in Saurashtra". (The Times of India, 2 Nov. 2001)

Dominican Republic - More than 400,000 Dominican children must work to survive - A new study on child labor in the Dominican Republic indicated that 428,720 Dominican children must work in order to survive and that their educations suffer because of this reality. (EFE News Service, 1 Nov. 2001)

WTO and social responsibilities:...The sanctimonious advocacy of the social clause by the protagonists of WTO is a case in point. According to this, no product that involves child labour or forced labour can be sold in world markets. On the face of it, this lacks a moral stance and in point of fact this is a patent piece of protectionism meant to favour the MNCs. (Swami Agnivesh, The Hindu [India], 29 Oct. 2001)

It's enough to make you sick -...So, are the chocolatiers, by agreeing to the Protocol, finally accepting responsibility for slave labour used on cocoa farms - and effectively admitting that they had previously turned a blind eye? [refers to Mars, Nestlé, Cadbury, BCCCA (Biscuit, Cake, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance), Day Chocolate Company, Green & Black's] (Charlotte Williamson, Evening Standard [London], 26 Oct. 2001)

As Unions Grow, an Industry Booms [Cambodia]: Under the Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in December, 1998, Cambodia can get as much as a 14% increase in its U.S. import quota if it demonstrates "substantial compliance" with international labor standards. The provisions aren't spelled out, but the idea is that overtime must be paid, child labor banned, and sufficient work breaks offered. (Susan Postlewaite, Business Week, 22 Oct. 2001)

Afghan kids made to slave as garbage collectors [in Pakistan]: There are more than 15,000 Afghani young boys, mostly orphans or abandoned by their parents, who have found way into the Karachi market for the collection of various paper-wastage items from garbage dumps [sold to paperboard manufacturers in Karachi and Kotri] on a daily wage basis by a group which is exploiting them. (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 21 Oct. 2001)

International body to monitor child labour in Sialkot soon [Pakistan]: An international monitoring body for child labour will be established shortly in Sialkot, sources here said on Friday. Talking to APP, sources said that in furtherance of Atlanta Agreement, the ILO-IPEC had established a system with the co-operation of Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) for achieving the ultimate goal to eliminate child labour from soccer ball industry. The ILO-IPEC and its partners would be transferring the existing monitoring system to this body, the sources said, adding the International Labour Organisation (ILO) had been monitoring this system since December, 1997 under Atlanta Agreement. (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 20 Oct. 2001)

Never let them see you sweat: UNITE takes on the Wal-Marts of the world - In an unprecedented international campaign to organize garment workers, unions in the United States, Asia and Central America are joining with student and religious groups to target the real powers in the global apparel business: big brand-name merchandisers like Eddie Bauer, Ann Taylor, Gap, J. Crew, Abercrombie & Fitch and the major retail chains...UNITE estimates that 80 percent of the workers producing clothing for U.S. retailers "are working under conditions that systematically violate local and international law." "Retailers know if a seam is one-eighth inch off, but they say they don't know it's made with child labor," Raynor says. "Bullshit. They know exactly what's going on, and we'll hold them accountable." (David Moberg, In These Times, 15 Oct. 2001)

Child Labour in Shanghai: Where is the Union? This was the question posed in Chinese newspapers, including the People’s Daily, after yet another shocking case of illegally long working hours, pittance wages and child labour came to light. This time, the factory involved was not located in some remote mountain county far away from labour bureau inspectors and newspaper reporters. It was operating in arguably China’s most modern and outward-looking city -- Shanghai. The Japanese-owned Shanghai Jingtiao Knitting Company employs over 400 workers, almost all of whom are under the age of 18. According to the Shanghai Municipal Labour and Social Security Bureau, some of these young workers had not even reached the age on 16 and were therefore illegally employed child labourers. (China Labour Bulletin, 12 Sep. 2001)

Child labour 'not linked to poverty': Policy makers and anti-child labour activists who believe that it is always the most desperate children who work may have to think again. A new study on rural Pakistan claims that rich kids are more likely to work than children from poor landless families. (Nadeem Yaqub, Business Recorder [Pakistan], 6 Oct. 2001)

Rise in Child Labour Worries Zimba: Child labour is on the rise in Zambia, labour minister Newstead Zimba has disclosed...Zimba said government will from now on cancel work permits for foreign investors found indulging in child labour and racial discrimination. (Bivan Saluseki, The Post [Zambia], 4 Oct. 2001)

CHILD SLAVERY: Chocolate Makers Announce Plan On Labor Practices - The international chocolate industry and members of the U.S. Congress have announced a four-year plan to eliminate child slave labor on cocoa farms in Africa and certify slavery-free cocoa (UN Wire, 3 Oct. 2001)

US to act on cocoa slavery: Chocolate manufacturers and US members of Congress have agreed a programme aimed at stopping the use of coerced child labour to grow cocoa. (BBC News, 2 Oct. 2001)

GUATEMALA: Thousands Of Children Work In High-Risk Conditions - More than 150,000 Guatemalan children between the ages of 5 and 14 work, 90,000 of them in high-risk conditions, Prensa Libre reports. (UN Wire, 2 Oct. 2001)

Agreement to end child labour on cocoa farms: The International Labour Organization (ILO) today welcomed the agreement between two members of the U.S. Congress and representatives of the world chocolate industry to eliminate child slavery on West African cocoa plantations and end the worst forms of child labour in the global cocoa-chocolate sector. (International Labour Organization, 1 Oct. 2001)

Chocolate industry to target child slavery on cocoa farms: The chocolate industry will announce today that it has accepted responsibility for labor practices on cocoa farms and will work with child labor specialists, lawmakers, growers, and unions to eliminate child slavery and other forms of exploitation. (Sumana Chatterjee, Knight Ridder, in Boston Globe, 1 Oct. 2001)

CHILD SLAVERY: Chocolate Industry Aims To Target Labor Practices - ...Experts say that such an announcement would mark the first time an agricultural industry has taken responsibility for its product from the time it is picked to the time it goes to market. (UN Wire, 1 Oct. 2001)

Bangladesh...Ending the Race to the Bottom [report on sweatshop abuses in factories in Bangladesh producing for over 20 universities and Nike] (National Labor Committee, Oct. 2001)

Brazil loses a warrior against child labour: The global trade union movement against child labour has lost one of their brightest forces to a brutal assassination. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) was deeply shocked to hear of the death of Carlos Alberto Santos de Oliveira and calls on the Brazilian authorities to fully investigate his assassination. (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 28 Sep. 2001)

China's children labour round the clock: One girl has died from exhaustion, but teenagers are kept at work in sweatshops for 16-hour shifts (John Gittings, Guardian [UK], 26 Sep. 2001)

Milestone in Campaign Against Worst Forms of Child Labour: The world has moved at a record pace in ratifying an international convention that calls for immediate action to outlaw the worst forms of child labour, says the International Labour Organization (ILO). (International Labour Organization, 26 Sep. 2001)

Unraveling Child Labor and Labor Legislation:...While this paper argues that legislative bans alone may be harmful to the child laborers, it does not argue for the dismantling of labor laws and minimum age legislation.  On the contrary, what is necessary is an increase in the level of government intervention to solve the problem, using a set of policies that target the complex roots of child labor. (Madiha Murshed, in Journal of International Affairs, fall 2001)

$1.5 million plan chalked out for elimination of child labour [Pakistan]: Punjab Minister for Law and Human Rights, Dr Khalid Ranjha, has said that a plan with the technical assistance of $1.5 million funded by Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been chalked out to combat the menace of child labour. Talking to a delegation of voluntary welfare organisation here on Wednesday, he stated that this amount would be spent on implementation of laws relating to elimination of child labour and effectively carrying out the `National Policy and Plan of Action'. (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 20 Sep. 2001)

MALAWI: Tobacco Industry Moves To Eliminate Child Labor:...Malawi's minimum working age is 14, and those who employ underage children face fines of nearly $300 or five years in jail. Authorities have not enforced the law, however, Agence France-Presse reports, and poverty in Malawi drives children to seek work on tobacco farms. (UN Wire, 19 Sep. 2001)

Malawi tobacco growers ban child labour: The Tobacco Association of Malawi says it has formed a task force to eliminate child labour on tobacco farms. (BBC News, 18 Sep. 2001)

UKRAINE: Nearly Half Of Juvenile Workers Under 15, U.N. Study Reveals - Nearly half of Ukrainian working adolescents are younger than 15, despite laws to regulate child labor, an International Labor Organization-funded study says, warning that even children working in family businesses are in danger of being exploited. (UN Wire, 7 Sep. 2001)

Every reason to link trade with labour standard: Sir, Professor Jagdish Bhagwati has done a disservice to the trade and labour debate with his article "Break the link between trade and labour" (August 29). He has also done a disservice to millions of exploited sweatshop workers with his polemic, based as it is on several fallacies and a misrepresentation of the position of those who advocate a positive link between trade and labour standards. (letter to editor from Bill Jordan, General Secretary, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, in Financial Times, 7 Sep. 2001)

Governor Pataki Signs New Anti-sweatshop Legislation [state of New York]: Allows Boards of Education to Consider Treatment of Workers When Purchasing Apparel: In honor of Labor Day, Governor George E. Pataki today announced that he has signed into law a measure that will further strengthen New York's ongoing battle against sweatshops and unfair labor practices. The new law will enable boards of education across the State to consider labor standards and working conditions including the illegal use of child labor when purchasing school uniform apparel. (Office of New York Governor George Pataki, 3 Sep. 2001)

The Working Child: Child labour is one of the ugliest manifestations of the poverty and backwardness syndrome; but no one can foresee any speedy solution. At the present stage a blanket ban is perhaps not possible and may not even benefit the child. (editorial, The Independent [Bangladesh], 23 Aug. 2001)

Surgical Instrument Manufacturers Association, ILO sign accord to end child labour: An agreement between the Surgical Instrument Manufacturers Association (Sima) of Pakistan and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has been signed to eliminate child labour from the Sialkot surgical industry (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 22 Aug. 2001)

Reduction in poverty can help eliminate child labour: ILO official (Business Recorder [Pakistan], 22 Aug. 2001)

Some coffee beans may also be tainted by slavery (Sumana Chatterjee and Tish Wells, Knight Ridder Newspapers, 13 Aug. 2001)

Internationally-backed group to study use of child labour in west Africa: An internationally-backed group of experts are to carry out a study over the next three to four months of the use of child labour in five west African countries [Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria], study group members told AFP here. (Agence France Presse, 11 Aug. 2001)

Travel pass to stop trafficking: Mali has introduced travel passes for children to prevent them being trafficked to work illegally in neighbouring West African countries, the government said on Thursday.  Children from Mali and Burkina Faso are at the centre of an international outcry over their employment as labourers on cocoa and cotton plantations in Ivory Coast. (Reuters / News24 [South Africa], 9 Aug. 2001)

COTE D'IVOIRE: National Commission To Fight Child Trafficking - Cote d'Ivoire has approved the creation of a national commission to fight child trafficking and slavery amid international accusations that up to 90% of its cocoa supplies are produced by child slaves. (UN Wire, 2 Aug. 2001)

Chocolate Industry Prepares to Fight 'Slave-Free' Labels: The chocolate industry and its allies are mounting an intense lobbying campaign to fight off legislation [pending before U.S. Senate] that would lead to "slave free" labels for their products. (Sumana Chatterjee, Knight Ridder, 1 Aug. 2001)

UK Government hosts meeting to discuss how to tackle slave labour: On the 25 July 2001, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) hosted a workshop to discuss working practices in cocoa production in West Africa. (Anti-Slavery International, 31 July 2001)

UK McDonald's fined for under-age jobs: A franchise in Camberley, Surrey, which runs two outlets, admitted 20 offences involving the illegal employment of children under 16. (BBC News, 31 July 2001)

CHILD LABOR: 500,000 Children Under Age 15 Work In Argentina - Poverty is the principal cause of child labor in Argentina, where 500,000 children under age 15 work, mainly as street vendors and in agriculture, according to Argentine officials. (UN Wire, 30 July 2001)

{···español} En la Argentina hay casi 500.000 chicos que trabajan: Se dedican al comercio, la venta ambulante, las tareas rurales y la recolección de residuos (Francisco Olivera, La Nación [Buenos Aires], 30 julio 2001)

{···français} Des chocolatiers américains chez le ministre Douati [Côte d'Ivoire]: Des représentants de l’Association américaine des chocolatiers étaient récemment les invités du ministre de l’Agriculture et des Ressources animales, M. Alphonse Douati. Ils étaient venus présenter le cadre global du “Programme pour le développement durable des cultures pérennes” (STCP) , qui est actuellement en expérimentation dans cinq pays. (Koné Fidel, Notre Voie [Côte d'Ivoire], 30 juillet 2001)

Cameroon: New international report points to labour violations - Restrictions on the right to organise, regular interference by the government in trade union activities, blatant discrimination based on gender and ethnicity, and widespread use of forced labour in prison. (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions [ICFTU], 25 July 2001) 

CHILD LABOR: Senegal Launches Program To Combat Practice (UN Wire, 17 July 2001)

Workshop on child labour in carpet industry [Pakistan]: The two-day workshop organized by the ILO-IPEC Project on Combating Child Labour in the Carpet Industry in Pakistan on self-evaluation/stakeholders began here on Tuesday. (Dawn [Karachi], 11 July 2001)

Resolution on agricultural working practices [encouraging relevant governments "to investigate and eradicate any criminal child labour activity that might exist in their territory in the field of agricultural working practices, in close co-operation with UNICEF, other such organizations and the private sector"].  (International Cocoa Council, International Cocoa Organization [ICCO], 9-10 July 2001)

Child 'slave' labour and the West African cocoa industry (International Business Leaders Forum, July 2001)

ILO’s Sh5m project to curb child labour [in Kenya] (Tabitha Onyinge and Agatha Katheu, East African Standard [Nairobi], 26 June 2001)

Lawmaker asks for China child labor investigation [U.S. Congressman George Miller asks U.S. Department of Labor and the Customs Service to investigate whether fireworks imported from China are made using child labour] (Brooke Donald, Associated Press, 26 June 2001)

Chocolate giant 'shocked' over slave-labor reports: Hershey Foods, the nation's largest chocolate-maker, is "shocked" and "deeply concerned" that its products, such as Hershey's Kisses, Nuggets, chocolate bars and Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, may be tainted by child slave labor, a company official said. (Bob Fernandez, Knight Ridder Newspapers, in Seattle Times, 24 June 2001)

Chocolate Manufacturers Association Launches Initiative to Address West African Labor Issues (Chocolate Manufacturers Association, 22 June 2001)

Second Anniversary Urges Reaffirmed Commitment to End Child Labour (Global March Against Child Labour, 17 June 2001)

CHILD LABOR: Three Nations To End Practice By 2011, ILO Says [El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania] (UN Wire, 13 June 2001)

Aids plays havoc with Africa's children: The UN chief has challenged world leaders to act on youth poverty (Victoria Brittain, Guardian [UK], 6 June 2001)

Justice delayed for a childhood in asbestos: South Africans seek belated compensation [from British company Cape PLC] for their apartheid-era exploitation (Chris McGreal, Guardian [UK], 4 June 2001) 

Child labour rampant in Malawi's tobacco industry (Child Labour News Service, 1 June 2001)

Combating child trafficking in West and Central Africa: ...In general, girls are placed as domestics or street traders while boys work on plantations, in construction or in mines...The existence of trafficking in children for labour exploitation is now recognized in the countries participating in the project: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Togo (World of Work - The Magazine of the ILO, June 2001)

Forced labour, human trafficking, slavery haunt us still: Forced labour, slavery and criminal trafficking in human beings - especially women and children - are on the rise worldwide and taking new and insidious forms. A new study by the ILO Stopping Forced Labour, say slavery, oppression and exploitation of human beings have by no means been relegated to history. (World of Work - The Magazine of the ILO, June 2001)

ILO report: Stopping Forced Labour (International Labour Organization, June 2001):

One Year Countdown Starts Towards The First Child Labour Free World Cup [child labour in football stitching - Pakistan, India, China] (Global March Against Child Labour, 31 May 2001)

Africa's child labor numbers said to be rising (Sarah El-Deeb, Associated Press, 30 May 2001)

COTE D'IVOIRE: 39 Trafficked Children Intercepted Since September (UN Wire, 24 May 2001)

Costa Rica pressured to improve labour rights situation urgently (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 14 May 2001)

`Eradication of child labour a tough task' (Times of India, 13 May 2001)

Child labourers' ranks swell in Barisal [Bangladesh] (The Independent [Bangladesh], 11 May 2001)

Poverty, child labour and education: The apparent link [Bangladesh] (Prof. M.A. Bari, President, Dhaka City Committee of Bangladesh College-University Teachers Association, in The Daily Star [Bangladesh], 11 May 2001)

Action pledge on child labour [by Côte d'Ivoire government] (Adrienne Roberts, Financial Times, 9 May 2001)

UK joins fight against 'chocolate slavery': The UK has joined efforts to fight child labour and poverty on west African cocoa plantations. (BBC News, 4 May 2001)

Ivory Coast accuses chocolate companies [Ivory Coast tells chocolate companies they will have to pay more for cocoa if child slavery is to end in West Africa] (Humphrey Hawksley, BBC News, 4 May 2001)

Cadbury probes supply chain [amid concern about labour practices in West Africa's cocoa industry] (Adam Jones, Financial Times, 4 May 2001)

A family affair? The onset of summer heralds the season of intensive agricultural child labour. Soha Abdelaty cracks open a debate that drowns the lives of real children in the politics of human rights [Egypt] (Soha Abdelaty, Al-Ahram Weekly Online [Cairo], 3-9 May 2001)

West Africa poverty fuels fears of child slavery: Falling commodity prices and hopes of a better life prompt widespread use of children as labourers, writes William Wallis (William Wallis, Financial Times, 3 May 2001)

CHILD LABOR: US Commits $4.3 Million For Africa (UN Wire, 2 May 2001)

SLAVE TRADE: UNICEF, Benin Confirm Child Trafficking - European Chocolate Firms Meet to Formulate Anti-Slavery Pledges (UN Wire, 1 May 2001)

Three child workers buried alive [India] (Child Labour News Service, 1 May 2001)

In Bulgaria, children start work early (Child Labour News Service, 1 May 2001)

Poverty and Children: Lessons of the 90's for Least Developed Counties (UNICEF, May 2001)

CHILD LABOR: Ball-Stitching Ban Ineffective in Pakistan (UN Wire, 26 Apr. 2001)

Football ban sends child workers into worse jobs [Pakistan] (Rory McCarthy, Guardian [UK], 25 Apr. 2001)

Pace Set in Abolition of Child Labour [ILO ranks Tanzania top of list of countries undertaking time-bound programme aimed at eradicating worst forms of child labour] (Panafrican News Agency [Dakar], in allAfrica.com, 24 Apr. 2001)

Slavery: the chocolate companies have their say (Simon Jeffery and Ben Stafford, Guardian [UK], 19 Apr. 2001)

Chocolate's bitter legacy: profit on backs of children - Ivory Coast industry runs on child labour (Mike Shahin, Ottawa Citizen [Canada], 18 Apr. 2001)

Benin 'slave ship' reveals West Africa's child trafficking problem (Anti-Slavery International, 18 Apr. 2001)

'Chocolate slaves' carry many scars (Neil Tweedie, Daily Telegraph [UK], 17 Apr. 2001)

Egypt: Child Labor Activists Urge Government Action (UN Wire, 16 Apr. 2001)

Bolivia Presents $90 Million Plan To Fight Child Labour (Associated Press, in Child Labour News Service, 15 Apr. 2001)

The terms of global trade [Wal-Mart/ASDA letter to Guardian responding to 9 Apr. 2001 article concerning allegations of child labour at textile suppliers in Bangladesh] (letter from Christine Watts, Corporate affairs director, ASDA, Guardian [UK], 14 Apr. 2001)

Textile workers build solidarity in Bangladesh (Seumas Milne, Guardian [UK], 9 Apr. 2001)

CHILD LABOR [Bolivia, Colombia, Brazil] (UN Wire, 6 Apr. 2001)

Multinationals under scrutiny by the international labour movement: Global Campaign to STOP Child Labour (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 5 Apr. 2001)

Hotline, awareness campaign [on child labour] to be set up: Ministry concerned about global image [Thailand] (Voranant Leelalakana, Bangkok Post, 29 Mar. 2001)

Combating Child Labor (World Bank, Spectrum, 12 Mar. 2001)

Raising Awareness of Core Labour Standards in the Glass and Brass industries in India [workshop on homeware sourcing from India] (International Business Leaders Forum and Save the Children, 8 March 2001)

Egypt - Underage and Unprotected: Child Labor in Egypt's Cotton Fields (Human Rights Watch, Jan. 2001)

The Economic Impact of Child Labour (Rossana Galli, University of Lugano, International Institute for Labour Studies discussion paper, 2001)

Children's Rights (Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch World Report 2001, 2001)

2000:

Eliminating The Scourge Of Child Labour (Peter Sain Ley Berry, 3 Nov. 2000)

Garment makers urged to take stand on child labour: Thai firms must win SA 8000 standard (Somporn Thapanachai, Bangkok Post, 18 Oct. 2000)

Gap and Nike: No Sweat? BBC Panorama reveals that Gap and Nike have been using a factory in Cambodia which breaks their own strict codes of conduct and anti-sweatshop rules (BBC, 15 Oct. 2000) 

Côte d'Ivoire claims to take action on child slave workers (afrol.com, 13 Oct. 2000)

Removing the child labour hurdle [Egypt] (Mona El Fiqi, Al-Ahram Weekly On-line [Cairo], 12-18 Oct. 2000)

Only remote Ivorian farms use child labour, farming figure says (Reuters, on CNN.com, 6 Oct. 2000)

Cadbury response to a letter concerning the use of slavery on cocoa farms in Côte d'Ivoire (letter from Cadbury Consumer Relations, UnfairTrade.co.uk, undated)

The Daily Mail City Editor on extra responsibilities at Cadbury Schweppes (Alex Brummer, Daily Mail [UK], 30 Sep. 2000)

Massive use of slaves on Ivorian cocoa plantations documented (afrol.com, 29 Sep. 2000)

Labour rights to be taught [child labour rights to be taught in Thai schools] (Penchan Charoensuthipan, Bangkok Post, 24 Aug. 2000) 

The Dark Side of Football: Child and adult labour in India's football industry and the role of FIFA (India Committee of the Netherlands, June 2000)

Big Business, Small Hands: Responsible approaches to child labour - New guide to child labour aims to help big business (Save the Children, June 2000)

Fingers to the Bone: United States Failure to Protect Child Farmworkers (Human Rights Watch, June 2000)

Advancing the Global campaign against child labour (Juan Somavia, Director-General, International Labour Organization, 17 May 2000)

The experience of Pentland Group in tackling the problem of child labour, in Human rights -- is it any of your business? [A management primer] (Amnesty International UK Business Group / Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Apr. 2000) 

The Littlest Laborers: Why Does Child Labor Continue to Thrive in the Developing World? (Stephen Buckley, Washington Post, 16 Mar. 2000)

Business and Child Labour: A Management Primer (Shell, 2000)

1999:

Sialkot, Pakistan: The football industry from Child Labour to Workers' Rights (Samuel Poos, Clean Clothes Campaign, Nov. 1999) 

Spotlight on Benetton (CCC Newsletter, 11 July 1999)

1998:

Italy: Benetton Implicated in Child Labour Scandal (Jorge Pina, IPS, 13 Oct. 1998)

Child Labor in West Bank and Gaza Strip (Suha Hindiyeh-Mani/UNICEF, May 1998)

Child Labour: Refusing the Intolerable (Michel Hansenne, Director-General, International Labour Office, 16 Feb. 1998)

Child Labour in India: Causes, Government Policies and the role of Education (Mitesh Badiwala, 1998)

1997:

What can Trade Unions do to Combat Child Labour? (Geir Myrstad, Chief Technical Adviser, International Labour Organization Bureau for Workers' Activities (ACTRAV), June 1997)

Bitter Harvest: Child Labour in Agriculture (Alec Fyfe / International Labour Organization Bureau for Workers' Activities (ACTRAV), Apr. 1997)

The Sialkot Story: Making villages "child labour free": ILO IPEC Programme provides an alternative to working children (World of Work, no. 19, International Labour Organization, March 1997)

Child Labour in the Diamond Industry (Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers [UADW] and International Confederation of Free Trade Unions [ICFTU], 1997)

Labelling Child Labour Products (Janet Hilowitz, International Labour Office, 1997)

Statement on slavery and chocolate production (Anti-Slavery International, 1997)

1996:

Child Labor in Pakistan (Jonathan Silvers, The Atlantic, Feb. 1996)

The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? (U.S. Department of Labor, 1996)

Helping Business to Help Stop Child Labour: Comments on How Company Codes of Conduct, "Child Labour Free" Labels and the Social Clause Can Help Eliminate Child Labour [Executive Summary] (Anti-Slavery International, 1996)