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Business and Human Rights: a resource website |
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Corporate codes of conduct |
See also the following sections of this website:
- Company statements of policy on human rights: Examples
- Company statements of policy on human rights: General materials
- Monitoring
- Labour issues - General
- Supply chain
- European Parliament: Code of conduct for European enterprises
- Guidelines prepared by NGOs & human rights advocates
- Guidelines prepared by business associations
- Guidelines prepared by governments
- Guidelines prepared by combination of business/NGOs/government
Websites:
Codes of conduct (Centro Nuovo Modello di Sviluppa)
"Codes of Conduct", in Global Business Responsibility Resource Center (Business for Social Responsibility) Note: click "Human Rights" in column on left side of the website page which appears, then click "Codes of Conduct"
Other materials:
2003:
Low pay crooks dodge the law [UK] -...The fashion industry has also seen an explosion in back street sweatshops exploiting illegal or underpaid labour...Anne Carvell of trade body the Knitwear Industries Federation says sweatshop labour could account for up to 40% of the jobs in the clothing and knitwear industry...The High Street retailers make all of their suppliers sign a code of conduct forbidding the use of cheap labour. But according to one senior industry source, "the retailers like to keep everything at arms length." (Brian Wheeler, BBC News, 19 Mar. 2003)
Working conditions: Results of the monitoring of Chinese garments suppliers - The pilot project on independent monitoring set up by the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) and by Migros, Switcher and Veillon makes today public the reports on its follow-up visits to Chinese suppliers of these three Swiss companies (Press release of the Clean Clothes Campaign in Switzerland and the companies Migros, Switcher and Veillon, 19 Mar. 2003)
Ethics Organization Launched to Enhance Global Corporate Citizenship - International Center for Corporate Accountability Inaugurated - Will Create and Monitor Corporate Codes of Conduct -...ICCA will absorb the activities currently performed by MIMCO [Independent Monitoring Council that was created by Mattel, Inc. in 1997 in affiliation with Zicklin School of Business] and expand on them to encourage and assist other multinational corporations to create, implement and arrange independent monitoring of codes of conduct. (International Center for Corporate Accountability, 28 Feb. 2003)
Chinese Toy Manufacturer Labor Standards Found Lacking - New report highlights structural obstacles to toy manufacturer implementation of labor codes of conduct. Nongovernment organizations in Hong Kong released fresh research this week regarding labor issues in southern China's toy manufacturing industry. The research revealed structural flaws in the toy industry that prevent compliance with the voluntary codes of conduct that name brand companies are advocating. Toy manufacturers in China's southern provinces supply almost 70 percent of the world's toys, including products for major U.S. brand name companies such as Mattel, Hasbro, Disney, and fast-food giant McDonald's. (Paddy Manning, SocialFunds.com, 20 Feb. 2003)
"Human Rights and Corporate Accountability" (speech by Mary Robinson, Director of the Ethical Globalization Initiative, former U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, at The Fund for Peace - Human Rights and Business Roundtable, 19 Feb. 2003)
Irene Khan's [Amnesty International Secretary-General Irene Khan] Speech at the World Economic Forum, Davos -...We will now campaign for legal accountability of corporations for human rights under international law...Of course, companies tell us we should trust them, that their voluntary principles will do the trick. But in reality it took violence and unrest around oil pipelines and oil installations in Nigeria, Colombia and Indonesia to bring oil companies in the US, UK and now Norway and the Netherlands to endorse voluntary principles for the use of security forces in the extractive industry. It was fear of a consumer boycott and concerted effort by NGOs that led governments and industry to put in place the Kimberly process for international certification of diamonds so that conflict diamonds could be eradicated. Voluntary codes are important but Amnesty International is convinced that voluntarism alone is not enough. (Irene Khan, Secretary-General, Amnesty International, speech delivered to the World Economic Forum, Davos, 23 Jan. 2003)
Deconstructing Engagement: Corporate Self-Regulation in Conflict Zones - Implications for Human Rights and Canadian Public Policy [includes sections on: case study of Talisman Energy in Sudan, "Talisman Energy's Corporate Social Responsibility Reports and Verification by PricewaterhouseCoopers", the liability of corporations under international law, "Domestic Disclosure and Corporate Laws", "Litigation", "Consumer and Investor Campaigns", codes of conduct, social reporting, verification/monitoring, "Emerging State Duty to Regulate the Extraterritorial Activities of Corporations"] (Georgette Gagnon, Audrey Macklin, Penelope Simons, A Strategic Joint Initiative of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Law Commission of Canada, Jan. 2003)
2002:
The Guardian & The Observer "Business and Society: Corporate social responsibility - policy into practice" conference - London - 6 Feb. 2003 [includes sessions on human rights, environment, development, labour rights, codes of conduct, supply chain] (Guardian [UK] and Observer [UK], sponsored by National Grid Transco) [added to this site on 2 Dec. 2002]
Increasing standards in the supply chain - Michael Allen suggests that sustainable “supply chainge” requires an inside-out approach to transforming workplace culture -...Codes remain vital for setting a basic floor of rights and standards covering such issues as health and safety, working time and fair treatment of workers. But a growing number of global firms recognise the need to move the agenda beyond compliance and develop sustainable approaches to supply chain labor issues (Michael Allen, Director of External Affairs with the Global Alliance for Workers and Communities, in Ethical Corporation Magazine, 15 Oct. 2002)
US groups to push for sweatshop reforms - US human rights and trade union groups will launch a campaign on Tuesday aimed at restricting US imports of goods made under sweatshop conditions. The effort aims to put political muscle behind what the groups say is the failure of many large US companies to abide by voluntary corporate codes of conduct that were supposed to improve working conditions in factories abroad that produce clothing, shoes and other goods for the US market. (Edward Alden, Financial Times, 23 Sep. 2002)
Adidas Sweats Over Third World Subcontractors Sweatshops -...In the past few years, however, the issue has crossed the Atlantic. Human rights leaders, trade unions, and religious groups have formed a loose alliance called the Clean Clothes Campaign and have begun attacking Adidas, Hennes & Mauritz AB, Benetton Group (Victoria Knight, Dow Jones, 23 Sep. 2002)
CSR Trainings - Human Rights Trainings - Shenzhen, China - Two-Day Workshop on Labor Practices and CSR - Shenzhen, China, October 24-25, 2002: This workshop will provide participants with an opportunity to learn effective ways to: build better factory management systems, and strengthen compliance with codes of conduct and legal requirements on issues including: wages, and working hours; health and safety; child labor; forced labor; and other labor issues. (Business for Social Responsibility) [posted on this site 23 Aug. 2002]
CSR Trainings - Human Rights Trainings - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - Two-Day Workshop on Labor Practices and CSR - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, September 24-25, 2002: This workshop will provide participants with an opportunity to learn effective ways to: build better factory management systems, and strengthen compliance with codes of conduct and legal requirements on issues including: wages, and working hours; health and safety; child labor; forced labor; and other labor issues. (Business for Social Responsibility) [posted on this site 23 Aug. 2002]
Corporate Codes of Conduct: Regulation, Self-Regulation and the Lessons from the Baby Food Case - An Interview with Judith Richter [consumer and public health activist] [refers to Nestle] (Multinational Monitor, July-Aug. 2002)
Beyond Good Deeds: Case Studies and a New Policy Agenda for Corporate Accountability [coverage includes oil industry & high tech industry; environment; pollution & its impact on human health; health & safety in the workplace; labour rights; security arrangements & human rights abuses; supply chain; codes of conduct; legal accountability; case studies on: Nigeria - Chevron & Shell; Azerbaijan & Kazakhstan - Unocal & Chevron; Ecuador - Occidental; Peru - Shell; Taiwan - Shengli Chemical Co.; Thailand - Seagate Technology, Advanced Micro Devices, Read-Rite, IBM, Lucent Technology, Hana Microelectronics, Philips; India; Malaysia - Seagate Technology, Agilent Technologies, Advanced Micro Devices, Intel, Dell, Fairchild Semiconductor, Integrated Device Technology, Iomega, Knowles Electronics, KOMAG USA, Linear Semiconductor, MCMS, Motorola Technology, Quantum Peripherals, Solectron Technology, Xircom Operations; Costa Rica - Intel, Romic; California] (Michelle Leighton, Naomi Roht-Arriaza & Lyuba Zarsky, California Global Corporate Accountability Project, July 2002)
High street shops under attack for their ethics [UK] - High street shops have scored poorly in a survey rating businesses on their support for ethical trading practices. The survey...awarded marks to businesses according to their stance on issues such as child labour, poverty wages and poor working conditions. The Co-op, Body Shop and DIY chain B&Q all scored highly. But the survey said most high street shops either had no code of conduct to cover unfair trading issues, refused to publish one or declined to allow their codes to be independently checked. (Henrykl Zientek, Huddersfield Daily Examiner [UK], 20 June 2002)
Volkswagen signs code of conduct - The IMF [International Metalworkers' Federation] welcomes the "Declaration on Social Rights and Industrial Relationships at Volkswagen", the first Code of Conduct for a worldwide player in the automotive industry...The Declaration states that the principles of core labour standards - which are defined in a number of conventions of the International Labour Organisation - will be assured within Volkswagen (International Metalworkers' Federation, 7 June 2002)
U.S. clothing giants suffer blow from Saipan case rulings - A group of United States retailers, including Gap, J. C. Penney and Target, suffered a setback this week when a federal judge ruled that thousands of garment workers on the Pacific island of Saipan could sue the companies and their contracted factories as a class. The group also failed to block a US$ 8.7 million settlement by 19 other retailers, including Tommy Hilfiger and Liz Claiborne, which sets a strict code of conduct and opens up factories on the island to independent monitoring. (Nancy Cleeland, The Age [Australia] / Los Angeles Times, 16 May 2002)
Companies need to get a social life: A voluntary disclosure code for corporate responsibility would achieve more than a mandatory ticking of boxes (Peter Montagnon, Head of Investment Affairs at the Association of British Insurers, Financial Times, 22 Apr. 2002)
Business and Human Rights: Policy commitments and disclosure in the extractive sector [A comparison of policies and practices on human rights issues from seven multinational extractive companies: BG, BP, BHP Billiton, BOC, Premier Oil, Rio Tinto, Shell] (Lucy Amis & Dave Prescott, International Business Leaders Forum, Apr. 2002)
Manipulating Code of Conduct [India] - According to an article published by a leading Indian monthly Apparel Views, "Codes of conduct have also given rise to a new need for the industry to look for sophisticated methods of manipulating the code standards. This invariably leads to double books, hiding facts, coaching workers to give tutored answers to auditors and faking records..." (CSR World, quoting Apparel Views, Apr. 2002)
Codes of conduct not preventing worker abuse [includes references to Gap] (Laura Slattery, Irish Times, 15 Mar. 2002)
Moving beyond the voluntary code: HUMAN RIGHTS: Self-regulation for international business is the norm when it comes to rights. But a new study says this is slowly giving way to legal obligations [article about new report: Beyond Voluntarism: Human rights and the developing international legal obligations of companies, prepared by International Council on Human Rights Policy] (Alison Maitland, Financial Times, 18 Feb. 2002)
Blowing the Whistle: At Enron, all the signs were that the company cared about corporate ethics. In July 2000 the firm issued a code of ethics and Lay sent a memo ordering all employees to read the 61-page booklet and sign a certificate of compliance. Additionally, the company liked to stress its commitment to "RICE" -- respect, integrity, communication and excellence. The words were printed on T-shirts, on paperweights and on signs posted around the company. Yet there was another side to Enron's culture (Caroline E. Mayer and Amy Joyce, Washington Post, 10 Feb. 2002)
Running From Reebok's Hypocrisy [concerning rejection of Reebok Human Rights Award by Indonesian labour rights activist Dita Sari]: "We've created a cottage industry of monitors and inspectors and drafters of codes," Ballinger says, "but all these workers ever wanted was to sit down in dignity and negotiate with their bosses, and this has never happened." (Alexander Cockburn, Los Angeles Times, 7 Feb. 2002)
Fluff is not enough - managing responsibility for corporate citizenship: Consider this company, which has been widely classified as a great corporate citizen...This company won 6 environmental awards in 2000, has widely recognized human rights, environmental, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and climate change policies...The only small problem? You guessed it. The company is Enron (Sandra Waddock, Professor of Management at Boston College’s Carroll School of Management & Senior Research Fellow at Boston College's Center for Corporate Citizenship, in Ethical Corporation Magazine, Feb. 2002)
Gildan bows to Fund: T-shirt maker implementing code of conduct [SA8000] after allegations of pregnancy testing of Honduran employees air in TV report (Jan Ravensbergen & Melanie Verhaeghe, Montreal Gazette, 26 Jan. 2002)
'Take Yours Heads Out Of The Clouds', Global Union Tells Guatemalan Exporters' Assocation [regarding failure to uphold freedom of association and the right to bargain collectively in the maquila sector]: The Brussels-based International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation...says that VESTEX [the garment exporters’ association] should ‘take its head out of the clouds, and stop invoking codes of conduct to which nobody adheres". (International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation, 25 Jan. 2002)
Child labor and multinational conduct: a comparison of international business and stakeholder codes - This paper examines the way in which multinationals, business associations, governmental and non-governmental organizations deal with child labor in their codes. With a standardized framework, it analyzes 55 codes drawn by these different actors (Ans Kolk & Rob van Tulder, Journal of Business Ethics, 2002)
2001:
Report on Codes of Conduct in the Garment and Textile Industry Seminar, 26th-30th November 2001, Bangkok, Thailand [refers to Thailand, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, South Korea, Bangladesh] (Chan Beng Seng [DAGA - Documentation and Action Group Asia] and Kelly Dent [TIE-Asia], Dec. 2001)
A Trade Union Guide to Globalisation:...released...on March 26, 2002, focuses on the impact of globalisation on workers, and trade union responses...The Guide to Globalisation gives a tour of the wide array of new approaches in the field of corporate social responsibility, from the UN's Global Compact, to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises to unilateral codes of conduct....Central to the guide is the ever-increasing role of multinational enterprises...The guide points to "new management methods, sometimes ‘best practice,’ but too often ‘worst practice’, and the threat to relocate to countries with lower social or environmental standards and no independent trade unions." [other topics include export processing zones; exploitation & abuse of women workers] (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Dec. 2001)
"Greening Business from the Inside" - Solution or Smokescreen? We recently received a letter from Claude Fussler, Director of Stakeholder Relations at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, challenging our analysis of his organisation's activities. We enclose it here, together with our response to Mr Fussler. (Corporate Europe Observer, Dec. 2001)
- The Christian Aid book and report include sections on the following subjects:
- "Nine ways in which multinationals can harm poor people"
- Why self-regulation & voluntary codes of conduct are not enough
- Why current international standards are inadequate
- Proposal for a new Global Regulatory Authority, to establish & enforce human rights, labour & environmental standards in transnational business (including specific functions that such a body should perform)
Firms 'need forcing' to do the right thing: An Observer survey shows people don't believe companies will be socially responsible on their own. -...The research reveals high levels of scepticism among leaders from the voluntary sector, education, local government and media about companies' claims to be improving their environmental performance and benefiting communities. The panel of activists and leaders in key social sectors come across as firm believers in CSR [corporate social responsibility] but do not think the corporate world can be trusted with a voluntary approach, especially in the face of a recession. Their clear call for legislation comes as the [UK] Government is considering how to preserve its business-friendly stance and head off the anti-corporate sentiment fuelled by globalisation protests. (Roger Cowe, Observer [UK], 14 Oct. 2001)
An acid test for better conduct in business: An ISO standard may make improved behaviour measurable [proposal by U.S. Ethics Officer Association to create an International Standards Organisation standard for global business conduct] (Alison Maitland, Financial Times, 13 Aug. 2001)
Wary Allies [concerning the pros and cons of using corporate codes of conduct to promote labour rights; one concern being "a rush to corporate codes of conduct would allow powerful companies to avoid union organizing, enforceable collective agreements, and government regulation"] (Lance Compa, American Prospect, 2-16 July 2001)
The NGO-Industrial Complex: A new global activism is shaming the world's top companies into enacting codes of conduct and opening their Third World factories for inspection. But before you run a victory lap in your new sweatshop-free sneakers, ask yourself: Do these voluntary arrangements truly help workers and the environment, or do they merely weaken local governments while adding more green to the corporate bottom line? (Gary Gereffi [Professor of sociology and Director of the Markets and Management Studies Program at Duke University], Ronie Garcia-Johnson [Assistant Professor of environmental policy at Duke University], Erika Sasser [Visiting Assistant Professor at the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University], in Foreign Policy, July-Aug. 2001)
Corporate Codes of Conduct Deemed Insufficient: Companies worldwide have signed on to voluntary codes of conduct in a bid to mitigate globalisation's harmful aspects. Activists and executives agree the firms are falling short but disagree on the reasons and remedies. (Danielle Knight, Inter Press Service, 13 June 2001)
First Global Dimensions Seminar: Human Rights and Corporate Responsibility (New York, 1 June 2001)
Canadian Business for Social Responsibility [CBSR] Second Stage of Guidelines for Corporate Social Performance: The CBSR Guidelines for Corporate Social Performance are a set of guidelines that outline what companies can do to become more socially and environmentally responsible. (Canadian Business for Social Responsibility, May 2001)
Transnational Corporations Today: Too much power, too little accountability - We have chosen to focus our Inquiry on four companies - Alcan, Dana, Noranda and Cominco/Teck (United Steelworkers Humanity Fund [Canada], Apr. 2001)
Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Singapore and Malaysia: The Potential and Limits of Voluntary Initiatives (Martin Perry and Sanjeev Singh, U.N. Research Institute for Social Development, Apr. 2001)
Corporate Codes of Conduct: Self-Regulation in a Global Economy (Rhys Jenkins, U.N. Research Institute for Social Development, Apr. 2001)
Making sense of standards: The increased influence of companies in the post-Communist world and growing concern about their impact on the political, social and physical environment in which they operate have led to a proliferation of initiatives seeking to provide guidelines and standards for corporate behaviour. These constitute the main focus of this Newsletter. (Sir Geoffrey Chandler, in Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
Voluntarism v regulation – the great debate: Peter Frankental, manager of the Business Group of Amnesty International UK, asks Nicholas Howen, international human rights lawyer and former head of Amnesty International’s legal office, to set out the main arguments for developing binding human rights obligations on companies (Peter Frankental and Nicholas Howen, in Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
Beyond voluntarism: David Petrasek, research director at the International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP), reports on the prospects for developing international legal accountability for companies in relation to human rights. (David Petrasek, in Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
New drill for oil companies: It is not every day that seven giant oil and mining companies, nine human rights NGOs and corporate responsibility groups, and the American and British governments come together to ‘recognize that security and respect for human rights can and should be consistent.’ But that is exactly what happened on December 20, 2000 when the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights were announced... (Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
Voluntary principles on security and human rights for the extractive sector: Bennett Freeman outlines the process of finding common ground and sets out the principles (Bennett Freeman [former Deputy Assistant Secretary - Democracy, Human Rights and Labour - U.S. State Department], in Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
Independent verification – myth or reality?
Do reporting standards matter? John Elkington, chair of international consultancy, Sustainability, and Oliver Dudok van Heel, senior advisor, examine the arguments for improved reporting standards. (John Elkington and Oliver Dudok van Heel, in Human Rights & Business Matters, newsletter of Amnesty International UK Business Group, spring/summer 2001)
Canadian NGO policy views on corporate responsibility and corporate accountability: An Overview Paper Prepared for an NGO-Government Meeting, May 2001 (Moira Hutchinson, Mar. 2001)
Multinationality and corporate ethics: codes of conduct in the sporting goods industry -...Six companies (Nike, Reebok, Puma, Mizuno, Asics, Adidas and Mizuno, of which only the first four have a code), three business support groups (AAMA, AFA, AIP), three social interest groups (CEPAA, CCC, AHRC) and three international organisations (ILO, WFSGI, FIFA) are analysed. (Ans Kolk & Rob van Tulder, Journal of International Business Studies, 2001)
Monitoring Mattel in China (Stephen Frost and May Wong, Asia Monitor Resource Center, 2001)
2000:
Can Corporate Codes of Conduct Promote Labor Standards? Evidence from the Thai Footwear and Apparel Industries (Junya Yimprasert and Christopher Candland, Thai Labour Campaign, Dec. 2000)
Gap and Nike: No Sweat? BBC Panorama reveals that Gap and Nike have been using a factory in Cambodia which breaks their own strict codes of conduct and anti-sweatshop rules (BBC, 15 Oct. 2000)
Promoting Socially Responsible Business in Developing Countries [conference: 23-24 October 2000, Geneva] (UNRISD News [U.N. Research Institute for Social Development Bulletin], no. 23, autumn/winter 2000)
Close Look at Factory for Nikes [Indonesia]:...the Nike representatives in Indonesia are upfront in saying that it was American public pressure that pushed Nike to require its contractors to improve pay, benefits and working conditions over the past three years. (Frank Denton, Wisconsin State Journal, 30 July 2000)
Corporate Codes of Conduct: A Follow-up Study (Junya Yimprasert and Christopher Candland, Thai Labour Campaign, 24 July 2000)
Visible Hands: Taking Responsibility for Social Development (U.N. Research Institute for Social Development [UNRISD], June 2000)
{···español: La Mano visible: Asumir la responsabilidad por el desarrollo social}
{···français: Mains visibles: Assumer la responsabilité du développement social}
Recommended considerations when drawing up a human rights strategy, in Human rights -- is it any of your business? [A management primer] (Amnesty International UK Business Group / Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, Apr. 2000)
Deciphering Codes of Corporate Conduct: A Review of their Contents (Kathryn Gordon and Maiko Miyake, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, No. 99/2, Mar. 2000)
Codes of Conduct, Government Regulation and Worker Organizing - Codes of Conduct: The Debates (Bob Jeffcott and Lynda Yanz, Maquila Solidarity Network, Feb. 2000) {español: Los Códigos de Conducta, Regulaciones Gubernamentales y la Organización de los Trabajadoresdes}
Multinational Enterprises and the Social Challenges of the XXIst Century: The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles at Work; Public and Private Corporate Codes of Conduct; edited by Roger Blanpain (abstract of book by the publisher, Kluwer Law International, Jan. 2000)
1999:
Voluntary Codes of Conduct: Do they Strengthen or Undermine Government Regulation and Worker Organizing? (Bob Jeffcott and Lynda Yanz, Maquila Solidarity Network, 1999)
relevant sections of Business and Human Rights in a Time of Change (Christopher Avery, Nov. 1999):
Chapter 3.2: Companies adopting human rights principles
Chapter 3.3: Human rights training for employees
Chapter 6.6: Business managers working overseas want human rights guidelines
Codes of Conduct: from Corporate Responsibility to Social Accountability (Lynda Yanz and Bob Jeffcott, Maquila Solidarity Network, Sep. 1999)
A Hong Kong Critique of Corporate Codes (Human Rights for Workers, 9 Aug. 1999)
The Roles of Codes of Conduct in Promoting Development (July Walker, Department for International Development, U.K. Government, July 1999)
Further examination of questions concerning private initiatives, including codes of conduct (International Labour Organization, Mar. 1999)
1998:
Corporate Codes of Conduct (International Labour Organization, 1998)
Codes of Conduct for Multinationals (International Labour Organization, 1998)
Corporate Codes of Conduct and Labour Standards (Jill Murray, International Labour Organization, 1998)
Codes of Conduct for Transnational Corporations: An Overview (Clean Clothes Campaign, 1998)
Overview of global developments and Office activities concerning codes of conduct, social labelling and other private sector initiatives addressing labour issues (International Labour Organization, Nov. 1998)
Commerce and Conscience: Codes of Conduct as a response to the Human Rights Implications of Globablization (Craig Forcese/Canadian Lawyers Association for International Human Rights, Apr. 1998)
1997:
Code of Labour Practices for the Apparel Industry including Sportswear (Clean Clothes Campaign, Oct. 1997)
The CCC Code of Conduct and criteria for implementation, monitoring and independent verification (Clean Clothes Campaign, Apr. 1999)
Business ethics in the textile, clothing and footwear (TCF) industries: Codes of Conduct (J.P. Sajhau, ILO working paper, 1997)
1996:
The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? (U.S. Department of Labor, 1996)